Issues

• The right to conscientious objection is only recognised for conscripts, prior to call-up, or more than three years after the end of military service.
• Those who joined the military as volunteers (professional soldiers) do not have a right to conscientious objection.

Military recruitment

Austria maintains conscription, although professional soldiers make up almost 50% of the Austrian armed forces. According to estimates of the Austrian Bundesheer, the armed forces comprise of 16,000 professional soldiers and about 17,000 conscripts – in total 35,000 soldiers¹.

Conscription

Conscription is enshrined in art. 9(a) para 3 of the constitution (amended in 2002), according to which all male citizens are liable for military service². The present legal basis of conscription is the 2001 Defence Law (Wehrgesetz)³.

Under the current arrangements all resident male Austrian citizens are obliged to register for military service during the calendar year of their 18th birthday. The only absolute exceptions are for priests, members of holy orders, theological students training for a career in the ministry, or those who following such studies are engaged in pastoral work or spiritual teaching – provided in all cases that they are members of “recognised religions”⁴

The length of military service is presently six months.

Professional soldiers

The service of professional soldiers (from non-commissioned officers up) is based on the public servants service law (Beamten-Dienstrechtsgesetz) of 1979, and the contract service law (Vertragsbedienstetengesetz) of 1948. Both laws do not specifically regulate military service, but apply to professional soldiers, either as public servants (Beamte) or contracted soldiers⁵.

The military also offers conscripts who finished their original military service the option to extend their service for six months according to Article 23 of the Wehrgesetz of 2001.

Women and conscripts who report voluntarily can also do a so-called “training service” of 12 months, extendible by a maximum of six months, according to Article 37 of the Wehrgesetz. It is possible to give notice to leave this service at any time; this notice comes into force at the end of the month in which it is given (Article 37 paragraph 3). However, those eligible for conscription will need to serve at least six months, or will be transferred to basic military service to serve the full time of conscript service if they give notice to leave “training service” before the end of six months (Article 38b).

According to information received from the Austrian Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wehrdienstverweigerung, the Austrian military has liaison officers with each secondary school and university, and maintains a presence at the last school year through so-called “information events”. However, the military faces problems in recruiting sufficient numbers of well educated professional soldiers⁶.

Conscientious objection

Conscientious objection for conscripts

The right to conscientious objection has been legally recognised since 1974. It is included in Article 9(a) of the Constitution, which states that citizens who refuse to perform military service for reasons of conscience must perform a substitute service. Its further legal basis is laid down in the 1986 Law on Civilian Service (Zivildienstgesetz).⁷

Both religious and non-religious grounds for conscientious objection are legally recognized. According to Article 2 of the Law on Civilian Service, the right to conscientious objection applies to "those who cannot perform military service because they - except in cases of personal emergency - denounce for reasons of conscience to use armed violence against people and performing military service may get them into conflict with their conscience".

However, persons serving in the Austrian Bundesheer (armed forces) – either as conscripts or as volunteers – do not have the right to apply for conscientious objection.

There are several time limits for submitting CO applications (Law on Civilian Service, Article 2.2).

Applications must be made within six months of receiving the notification of fitness for military service, but at least two days before receiving call-up papers for military service.

Applications cannot be made by serving conscripts. Applications can be made after completion of military service, but in this case an application can only be made more than three years after the first day of military service.

Applications must be made to the Ministry of Interior. The Ministry has produced a standard form, which basically states that the applicant agrees with the wording of Article 2 of the Law on Civilian Service. This form can be downloaded from the website of the civilian service administration⁸.

Since 1991, no personal interviews take place. Consequently, applications are almost automatically granted, provided they are submitted within the time limits. An application may be rejected if the applicant has been convicted for a criminal offence, if the applicant is employed by the state police, if the applicant has a gun licence, or if the applicant's objections to the use of violence are considered to be conditional and politically motivated (Law on Civilian Service, Article 5(a)).

If the application is rejected, there is a right of appeal to a civil court.

Substitute service

The length of substitute service is 9 months (from 1 January 2006 on). This is one and a half times the length of military service.

Substitute service is administered by the Ministry of Interior. Substitute service may be performed in several institutions in the public sector, such as hospitals, social work and emergency relief. It may also be performed with non-governmental organisations, such as the Austrian Red Cross.

COs may also perform a 12 month voluntary service abroad. COs who have completed such service, which usually consists of peace work or social work, are exempt from substitute service.

After completion of substitute service, COs have reservist duties up to the age of 50. During time of war or emergency, COs may be called up for "extraordinary civilian service", which consists of several unarmed duties such as emergency aid (Law on Civilian Service, Article 21). So far, COs have never been called up for reservist duties in practice.

In 2000, the government greatly reduced the payment of COs. Before 2000, COs were paid by the government and received approximately the same payment as conscripts in the armed forces. Now, the salaries of COs have to be partially paid for by the employing organisations themselves. The government has set guidelines on appropriate payment, but as these are very low this effectively means that CO salaries have been cut by half. Austrian CO groups have lodged several complaints with the Constitutional Court, which has in fact ruled that the new payment regulations are a violation of the constitutional right of free choice between military and civilian service. As the Constitutional Court did not rule which body is to be responsible for increasing CO salaries, the issue has still not been settled. Consequently, in practice the payment of COs remains far below the payment of conscripts in the armed forces⁹.

Conscientious objection for professional soldiers

There are no legal provisions for the right to conscientious objection for professional soldiers¹⁰. The Law on Civilian Service only applies to conscripts and does not contain provisions for professional soldiers.

The Public Servants Service Law and the Contract Service Law define the conditions under which a public employee – and therefore also professional soldiers – can terminate a contract prematurely. According to Article 21 of the Public Servants Service Law (which applies to permanent members of the armed forces, which are so-called “Beamte”), it is possible to leave the service within a month. However, if a soldier is part of an operation for which she/he receives additional payments according to the Operations Supplement Law (Einsatzzulagengesetz) of 1992, then his/her notice only takes effect on the end of the month following the end of this operation. This does not guarantee a right to leave prematurely for reasons of conscience, and makes leaving the armed forces more difficult in situation where reasons of conscience are more likely to arise.

Contracted soldiers according to the Contract Service Law (Vertragsbedienstetengesetz) can give notice when they want to prematurely end their contract. How much notice has to be given depends on the time of service that has already passed (Article 33). However, this might involve that training expenses have to be repaid (Article 30 paragraph 5).

Background

During the 1990s there were several cases of COs whose applications had been rejected because they were not submitted within the time limit. They continued to refuse military service and were consequently sentenced to up to one year's imprisonment under the Military Penal Code for "failure to comply with call-up orders". Around 1997 this attracted considerable international attention and some of the COs concerned were in fact adopted as prisoners of conscience by Amnesty International. In 1997, Schwechat District Court acquitted a CO of these charges and ruled that he could not be reproached for not knowing about the time limits, especially because the authorities had made no particular efforts to inform the public about the introduction of the time limits.

Since 1998, there have been no known cases of COs being imprisoned after not submitting their CO applications within the time limit¹¹.

Draft evasion and desertion

Penalties

Draft evasion and desertion are punishable under the Military Penal Code¹².

Not responding to a call-up within 30 days is punishable by three months' imprisonment or a fine (section 7 (1)). After 30 days the sentence can be as heavy as a year's imprisonment (section 7 (2)).

Persistent disobeying of military orders is punishable by up to 2 years' imprisonment (section 12 (1) 2).